The overlapping layers of ancient Afrasiab, the medieval city and the Timurid capital.
Itchan Kala
Medieval–19th c.
◉ UNESCO World Heritage
Khiva’s walled inner city, preserving monuments, dwellings and the fabric of a caravan stop.
Zarafshan–Karakum
2nd c. BCE–16th c. CE
◉ UNESCO World Heritage
A transnational Silk Roads corridor linking oases, forts, caravanserais and water systems.
Editorial verification · 27 July 2026
UNESCO · Direct sources
From monumental Silk Road cities to archaeological landscapes
Uzbekistan’s heritage is more than the blue domes of Samarkand or the monuments of Bukhara. Archaeological cities, fortifications, craft quarters, irrigation works, caravanserais and the long-distance links between oases form a connected landscape.
UNESCO currently records seven World Heritage properties for Uzbekistan: five cultural and two natural. This figure must not be read as seven excavation sites.
UNESCO dates the foundation of ancient Afrasiab to the seventh century BCE, with settlement evidence reaching back to 1500 BCE. The reserve includes fortifications, a ruler’s palace, residential and craft areas, and seventh-century wall paintings. After the thirteenth-century Mongol destruction, the urban focus shifted south; Samarkand became a Timurid centre in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Bukhara and Khiva preserve Central Asian urban traditions through streets, religious buildings, trading spaces and housing. Itchan Kala records 51 monumental structures and 250 dwellings. Shakhrisyabz remains on the World Heritage in Danger list because of the impact of large-scale urban interventions.
Inscribed in 2023, the roughly 866-kilometre corridor comprises 34 components across Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Cities, forts, caravanserais and water systems spanning the second century BCE to the sixteenth century CE show how trade carried technologies, beliefs and artistic forms alongside goods.
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